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Phocion (c. 402-318 B.C.). The Reader's Biographical Encyclopaedia. 1922

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Phocion (c. 402-318 B.C.). The Reader's Biographical Encyclopaedia. 1922 Dictionary Biographies Literary Criticism Welcome Terms of Service ⧏ Previous Next ⧐ Contents Bibliographic Record Hugh Chisholm, et al., eds.  The Reader’s Biographical Encyclopædia.  1922.
17,000 Articles from the Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th & 12th eds. Phocion (c. 402–318 B.C.) By Maximilian Otto Bismarck Caspari (1881–1958) Athenian statesman and general, born about 402 B.C., 1 the son of a small manufacturer. He became a pupil of Plato and in later life was a close friend of Xenocrates. This academic training left its mark upon him, but it was as a soldier rather than as a philosopher that he first came into notice. Under Chabrias he distinguished himself in the great sea-fight of Naxos (376), and in the subsequent campaigns loyally supported his chief. He won the confidence of the allies by his justice and integrity. In 351–349 2 he entered the Persian service and helped to subdue a rebellion in Cyprus. Henceforward he always held a prominent position in Athens, and although he never canvassed he was elected general forty-five times in all. In politics he is known chiefly as the consistent opponent of the anti-Macedonian firebrands, headed by Demosthenes, Lycurgus and Hypereides, whose fervent eloquence he endeavoured to damp by recounting the plain facts of Athens’s military and financial weakness and her need of peace, even when the arms of Athens seemed to prosper most. But although he won the respect of his audience, his advice was frequently discarded. Yet his influence was felt at the trial of Æschines in 343, whom he helped to defend, and after the disaster of Chaeroneia (338), when he secured very lenient terms from Philip. He also rendered good service in the field: in 348 he saved the force operating against the philo-Macedonian tyrants in Euboea by the brilliant victory of Tamynae. Under the Macedonian predominance his reputation steadily increased. Though by no means inclined to truckle to the Macedonians, as is shown by his protection of the refugee Harpalus and his spirited campaign in defence of Attica in 322, he won the confidence of the conquerors, and in the restricted democracy which Antipater enforced he became the virtual ruler of Athens. Old age, however, was telling on him; when Polyperchon by his proclamation of “freedom” raised a new crisis in 318, Phocion’s dilatoriness was interpreted as active treason on Cassander’s behalf, and the people, incited by the restored democrats, deposed him from office. Phocion fled to Polyperchon, but was sent back by the latter to be tried at Athens. The assembly, containing numerous slaves and all the city mob, shouted Phocion down and condemned him to death unheard. Not long after, the Athenians decreed a public burial and a statue in his honour.

1   Phocion’s character and policy were throughout inspired by his philosophic training, which best explains his remarkable purity of character and his prudent councils. To the same influence we may ascribe his reserve and his reluctance to cooperate heartily either with the people or with the Macedonian conquerors who put their trust in him: a greater spirit of energy and enterprise might have made him the saviour of his country. Phocion remained famous in antiquity for the pithy sayings with which he used to parry the eloquence of his opponents. Demosthenes called him “the chopper of my periods.”

2   Plutarch (Life of Phocion) draws much good information from Philochorus and Duris (who reproduces Hieronymus of Cardia); his numerous anecdotes are repeated in other works of his and in Aelian (Var. hist.). Diodorus (xvi.–xviii.) is likewise based on Duris. See Holm. Gk. Hist. vol. iii. (Eng. trans., London, 1896).

3 Footnotes

1. Diodorus’s statement that Phocion was seventy-five at his death (i.e., that he became general at thirty and was elected forty-five years in succession) would give 394–393 as the date of birth; but he must have been quite twenty-five as second-in-command at Naxos (376). [back]

2. The chronology is uncertain; the dates given for this period are Beloch’s (Griechische Geschichte, ii.). [back]

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